Constructed "ashi point" / 中国针灸

Ashi point is one of the three major categories of acupoint in acupuncture-moxibustion theory nowadays. It is originally recorded in Beiji Qianjin Yaofang (Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency) as one of the effective folk methods. The theoretic development of ashi point goes through the innovation period of contemporary and modern acupuncture-moxibustion theory, specifically in three aspects, definition, property and status. Through the analysis of historical data, it is found that the bias of ashi point theory results from the misunderstanding of connotation, the distortion of application techniques, the misinterpretation of semantics and the gradual promotion of status. All of these are generally caused by the reform of acupuncture-moxibustion theory in Japan, which covers the essence of ashi point, limits its connotation and clouds the concept of acupoint. It is necessary to re-understand the literal sense and theoretic construction of ashi point and timely update the knowledge system of acupuncture-moxibustion in association with the results of theoretical researches.

Interpretation of China national standard Nomenclature and Location of Meridian Points (GB/T 12346-2021) / 中国针灸

To cooperate with the popularization and application of the China national standard Nomenclature and Location of Meridian Points (GB/T 12346 -2021), this study introduced the differences between the 2021 version and the 2006 version, and explained the principles of the revision and the changes in the standard name, terminology, definition and the expression of meridian points' body regions. In addition, the revision of the specific contents, including the adjustment of "bone proportional cun" of several meridian points and the revision basis of location of some meridian points were explained.

Conceptual history of acupuncture-moxibustion-historical writing and reconstruction foundation of acupuncture-moxibustion theory / 中国针灸

Concept is the cornerstone of theory. Regarding the solely and historically extraordinary outstanding traditional acupuncture-moxibustion, the conceptual history research of it is the basis of understanding and recognizing acupuncture-moxibustion theory and also the root of its inheritance and development. Because of its features, it is determined that the research of the concept of traditional acupuncture-moxibustion should focus on the formation era of acupuncture-moxibustion theory, by giving the priority to its basic and core concepts. In methodology, by exploring the formation, connotation evolution and application of acupuncture-moxibustion concept, the implication is expounded so as to explain the relevant theories and deal with the issues on the theoretic construction. Such research idea differs from the target of "conceptual history" study in the West, but shares the same specific approaches. Concerning the development of acupuncture-moxibustion theoretic system, from the ancient to the modern time, as well as undergoing scientific construction, the basic significance and fundamental influence of the research of the conceptual history of acupuncture-moxibustion is growing increasingly.

Exploration on "moxibustion on a meridian" in / 中国针灸

From the view of location, through the longitudinal comparison of the meridian name references of "moxibustion on a meridian" from the records in

Body expression under the vision field of acupuncture-moxibustion / 中国针灸

Acupuncture-moxibustion are applied on the body surface. The treatment methods are directly related to body shape. It needs and promotes the understanding and knowledge accumulation of the structure and function of the body surface and its deep relationship. It forms a unique perspective of body-shape recognition and rich theoretical content to explain the body composition and activities and guide the practice of acupuncture-moxibustion diagnosis and treatment. Its understanding of human body can be divided into two parts: internal part and external part. The body surface, which is most closely related to acupuncture-moxibustion, is expressed by skin, muscle, pulse, tendon and bone, and its theoretical construction is based on the function characteristics of acupuncture and moxibustion. Therefore, the theory of acupuncture-moxibustion embodies a kind of human cognition from the perspective of "acupuncture and moxibustion". Under this kind of consciousness, the concept of acupuncture and moxibustion theory can be correctly interpreted, and the diagnosis and treatment methods can be understood, the overall composition of the scope of the theoretical system of acupuncture and moxibustion can be clear and its contemporary construction be improved.

Analysis of "sinking requires moxibustion" in / 中国针灸

"Sinking requires moxibustion", a sentence coming from : ), is one of the basic principles of moxibustion treatment. Sinking of vessel and sinking of are the two primary recognitions for the word "sinking" in ancient and modern. This paper organizes all related references comprehensively and illustrates the meaning of "sinking" in context with the expectancy of helping readers understand the classic original accurately.

: the extension of acupuncture and moxibustion theory on the exerting site of treatment / 中国针灸

It is common to use acupuncture and moxibustion at unspecified area on the skin, however, its theoretical improvement is little compared with the specified area such as acupoint. The concept of originated from the discussion regarding the function and significance of the crossing of minute collateral and . Based on the in-depth analysis of relevant texts, it is believed that its content and nature should belong to the theoretical understanding of acupuncture at unspecified area; moreover, the correlation and differences of theory and expression between and acupoint is analyzed from the perspective of acupuncture treatment location. The discussion on is theoretical improvement of acupuncture treatment experience at unspecified area, which should become the resource of acupuncture theoretical construction, and enrich the understanding of the law and essence of acupuncture stimulation on the body surface.

Evolution of acupoint nomenclature: on the basis of the analysis of medical bamboo slips / 中国针灸

Many theories of acupuncture and moxibustion and treatment experience are described in the medical bamboo slips. In this paper, based on the records of () of medical bamboo slips, focusing on the questions on the nomenclature of acupoints and meridians, by the comparison of the descriptions in ( ') with other unearthed medical literature, the evolution on the nomenclature was sorted out and the rules and significance of such evolution were explored. In comparison between the evolution of the acupoint names on the head and face and that on the four limbs, the changing modes were presented and analyzed. Finally, the nomenclature of meridians and that of acupoints were compared to infer the potential factors of their own features. This preliminary exploration reflects the important significance of the comparative study of medical bamboo slips in the literature interpretation, concept understanding and theory evolution rules of meridians and acupoints.

Unraveling Mysteries of Correlation Between Meridians and Viscera in Connection Between Upper and Lower, Interior and Exterior of the Human Body / 针刺研究

The theory that meridians connect the upper and lower, interior and exterior of the whole human body comes from the clinical experience of acupuncture therapy mainly by choosing the acupoints of 12 regular meridians at the four limbs. During the process of merging the theories of meridians and Zangfu-organs (viscera), the expression of the intrinsic relationship of such connection gradually becomes more and more complicated. Therefore, the study on the correlation between the meridian and viscus should start from the characteristics of the meridian theory itself, and discriminate the "reasonable and unreasonable" components of the related theoretical descriptions in the literature in order to explore the scientific values of this correlation. Based on this viewpoint, the present article makes a brief analysis on this proposition from the following two angles of view: the understan-ding of such proposition and the historical evolution of the meridian theory.

Development idea and practice of Qiu Mao-liang's acupuncture diagnosis and treatment / 中国针灸

Professor Qiu Mao-liang is considered as one of the representatives in the renaissance and development of acupuncture and moxibustion in the 20th century, whose academic characteristics could be summarized as "sticking to tradition and absorbing new knowledge". The practice ideas, methods and influence factors that were presented in acupuncture clinical practice are analyzed in this paper, from which development tendency and practice pattern of modern acupuncture clinical practice are discussed.

Reconstitution of the meridian system / 中国针灸

In order to express the features and significance of meridians and collaterals scientifically, a profound study on the process, basis and idea of the binary structure constitution of the traditional meridian system including the 12 regular meridians and 8 extra meridians was carried out. It pointed out the defect of failure in giving consideration to both theory and clinical application of the traditional system, and proposed a new binary structure of the 4 extremities and trunk, which suit the system to the treating principles of acupuncture in the meridian and acupoint theory in a better way.

Pathophysiology of slow transit constipation / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Slow transit constipation(STC)is the common type of chronic idiopathic constipation. Due to failure of routine conservative treatment, laxatives abuse is the most choice for majority of the patients, which could damage the enteric nervous system and result in aggravation of constipation. Resection of the slow transit colon is the ultimate option for some patients. It is hard to prevent and treat STC clinically because of the unknown pathophysiologic mechanism. Abnormalities of enteric neurotransmitters such as VIP, SP, NOS and decreased number of interstitial cells of Cajal have been described in the colon of the patients with STC. However, long term application of stimulant laxatives can also result in the almost same changes in the colon. Exploration of the potential relationship among the above reported abnormalities is the direction of future study.

Study on the term of eight confluent points / 中国针灸

In order to understand the connotation and the implication of the eight confluent points, relative modern and ancient literatures were studied systematically. It is discovered that the term of eight confluent points changed several times in its developing history. The term is called as Jiaojing Banue in the very beginning, and later Jingmai Jiaohui Baxue, Bamai Jiaohui Baxue, Ba fa Jiaohui Baxue, etc. Its short terms can be seen as Ba fa Jiaohui and Bafaxue. Other names even shorter can be Bahui, Ba fa and Baxue, etc. The above mentioned names are mixed during their application, and it is also once misunderstood as the concept of Bahuixue in Classic on Medical Problems. It is named as eight confluent points nowadays, and the extra meridians changed from the target meridians which are being intersected with into the major subject in the confluence. While the eight points changed from the main body of confluence into the object of intersection, which indicated that the concept has already changed.

Analysis of two needling techniques in terms of "reinforcing and reducing" and "symptomatic treatment" / 中国针灸

Neijing (Internal Classic) states two kinds of needling techniques, named reinforcing and reducing technique, and the symptomatic treatment technique. The people in the later generations stress on the technique in terms of reinforcing and reducing. The relationship between these two needling techniques, the quantification of reinforcing and reducing technique, the understanding of "reinforcing and reducing" and operation as well as the relevant terminology are expounded in this paper. On the basis of the analysis of the source literatures, the dialectic discussion in association with the clinical practice is condcuted in this paper. It is believed that the view of taking reinforcing and reducing technique as the core should be rectified and the actual value of the needling technique in light of symptomatic treatment be emphasized. It is required to face up to the diversity and opposition of the theories that are exactly existed in the reinforcing and reducing technique and should be explored scientifically. The context and conception ideas should be considered in the explanation of the definition of needling technique and the principle analysis. Concerning the quantification research of needling technique, the factors such as the situation of disease and the body constitution should be taken into account.

ZHANG Jie-bin's study and explanation on acupuncture theory / 中国针灸

ZHANG Jie-bin, a physician of the end of the Ming Dynasty, had a profound and systematic study and explanation on acupuncture theory. Researching methods of acupuncture theories such as study of the ancient classics and using both of illustrations and characters were adopted by ZHANG Jie-bin to expound his unique viewpoints on the five-Shu points, Yuan-primary points, the eight influential points, the relation between the Conception Vessel and the Governor Vessel, collaterals, meridian qi as well as the connection of different parts of the body through meridians. And it was concluded that ZHANG's methods and researching results deserve the special recognition and are worthy for our reference nowadays.

Study on lower He-sea points / 中国针灸

The development of the theory of lower He-sea points is analyzed, and the indication law of acupoints as well as its significance on understanding of meridians are discussed in this article. It is concluded that the application experiences of Zusanli (ST 36) has great significance to the recognition of major points for diseases of fu organs. However, it is held that the relationship between the major indications of Xiajuxu (ST 39) and the relation between Weiyang (BL 39) and Sanjiao are not the complete embodiment of application experiences. There is a precedence relationship between the formation consequence of the five-shu points and the lower He-sea points, which concerning the formation of the concept that He-sea points can treat diseases of their corresponding fu organs and the incomplete theory of the lower He-sea points. The formation of the theory of lower He-sea points also indicates the change of recognition of the relation between yang meridians and internal organs. Therefore, it is held that the relation between meridians and internal organs as well as the indication law of acupoints can be studied on the base of the above theory.

Discrimination on diseases originated from Foot-Taiyin meridian / 中国针灸

Through the analysis on the form, origin and evolution of diseases originated from Foot-Taiyin Meridian, and the investigation on clinical practice, it is held that diseases originated from Foot-Taiyin meridian were developed on the base of supplement and adaption of the ancient medical classics. And it is also held that great respect on clinical practice was attached by the compiler.

Analysis of the nominations of acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine for inscription on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity / 中国针灸

The definition of intangible cultural heritage and the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in Convention for Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage is discussed. Nominations of elements should be prepared in accordence with the Guidelines provided in each section. The explaination methods and the determining process of the Nominations for Acupuncture and Moxibustion on the Representative List are analyzed, such as the name of the element, characteristics, identification and definition, value and safeguarding measures, photos and video of the element. The Nominations should be prepared according to the Convention and Guidelines closedly and focus on discussing the cultural, the content, the communities and individuals, safeguarding measures of element.

Chinese translation of "nerve" and its influences on research of meridians and collaterals / 中国针灸

Authors investigated the whole introduction and translation course of the word "nerve" into China during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), Qing dynasty(1644-1911) and the Republic of China (1912-1949), when western medicine was introduced into the East, as well as its influences on the cognition and researches of meridians and collaterals. The result shows that "nerve" was once translated into "Xijin" and "Naoqijin" in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Only until the period of the late Qing dynasty and the early stage of the Republic of China, the word "Shenjing", which is known as the unique Chinese translation of nerve nowadays, was introduced from Japan. From that time on, the Chinese physicians started to explore the relation between nerves and meridians, which led to the transform of the academic methodology on essence of meridian. Thus, profound as well as prolong influences were made on study of meridians and collaterals until nowadays.

Interior-exterior relation of meridians under two meridian modes / 中国针灸

The connotation and core meaning of interior-exterior relation of meridians were studied and analyzed on the base of two meridian modes, namely the original meridian model and the zang-fu-meridian model. And it was concluded that different features and meanings can be found under the above two models. 1) Original meridian model: six-coincidence theory in Lingshu: Jingbie (Miraculous Pivot: Divergent Meridian) is the core of interior-exterior relation of meridians; collaterals (connecting point) play a very important role in communicating the interior-exterior relation of meridians. 2) Zang-fu-meridian model: zang-fu organ coincidence can promote the matching and communication of meridians with interior-exterior close relationship; circulation of qi and blood has a positive impact on interiorly and exteriorly related meridians.